Essay Examples on Gettysburg Essay Example

Essay Examples on Gettysburg Paper 1st Essay Sample on Gettysburg Before the Civil War the North prohibited slavery while the South did not.The North had no reason to use slaves, but in the South there were sugar and cotton plantations.So large plantation owners would buy around three to four hundred slaves to pick the cotton or cut down the sugar cane.The South would then sell most of the cotton to the British and that is why England allied with the South during the Civil War.The French allied with the North because France was the United Statesfirst ally and the French and the British disliked each other. When the North found out that the South wanted to start a war they thought it was a joke but the joke was over once the battle of the First Bull Run was fought. This was thefirst major land battle of the armies in Virginia. On July 16, 1861, the untried Union army under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell marched from Washington against the Confederate army, which was drawn up behind Bull Run beyond Centreville, 1. On the 21st, McDowell crossed at Sudley Ford and attacked the Confederate left flank on Matthews Hill. Fighting raged throughout the day as Confederate forces were driven back to Henry Hill. Late in the afternoon, Confederate reinforcements (one brigade arriving by rail from the Shenandoah Valley) extended and broke the Union right flank. The Federal retreat rapidly deteriorated into a rout. Although victorious, Confederate forces were too disorganized to pursue. Confederate Gen. Bee and Col. Bartow were killed and Thomas J. Jackson earned the nom de guerre, Stonewall.By July 22, the shattered Union army reached the safety of Washington. This battle convinced the Lincoln administration that the war would be a long and costly affair. McDowell was relieved of command of the Union army and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, who set about reorganizing and training the troops. 2nd Essay Sample on Gettysburg We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Gettysburg specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Gettysburg specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Gettysburg specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gettysburg was said to be the turning point of the American Civil War and is also known as the most famous and important Civil War Battle that occurred over three summer days from July 1-July 3, 1863 around a small market town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Gettysburg was the clash between the two major divisions of the North (Union) and the South (Confederates). The Confederacy had an agricultural economy producing tobacco, corn, and cotton, with many large plantations owned by a few very rich white males. These owners lived off the labor of sharecroppers and slaves, charging high dues for use of their land. The Confederate Army was made up of a group of white males fighting for their independence from federal northern dictates. The Union economy was based on manufacturing and even the minorities in the North were better off than those in the South.The Northern politicians wanted tariffs, and a large army. The Southern plantation owners wanted the exact opposite. The South was fighting against a government that they thought was treating them unfairly. They believed the Federal Government was overtaxing them, with tariffs and property taxes making their life styles even more expensive than they already had been. The North was fighting the Civil War for two reasons,first to keep the Nation unified, and second to abolish slavery. Abraham Lincoln, the commander and chief of the Union or Northern forces along with many other Northerners believed that slavery was not only completely wrong, but it was a great humiliation to America. There were so many reasons of conflict, but not many had predicted that a full-blown war would breakout. Before the battle, major cities in the North such as Philadelphia, Baltimore, and even Washington, were under threat of attack from General Robert E. Lees Confederate Army of Northern Virginia which had crossed the Potomac River and marched into Pennsylvania.

High School Math That Meets College Requirements

High School Math That Meets College Requirements Different colleges and universities have very different expectations for high school preparation in math. An engineering school like MIT will expect more preparation than a predominantly liberal arts college like Smith. However, preparing for college gets confusing because the recommendations for high school preparation in math are often unclear, particularly when youre trying to distinguish between what is required and what is recommended. High School Preparation   If youre applying to highly selective colleges, schools will generally want to see three or more years of math that include algebra and geometry. Keep in mind that this is a minimum, and four years of math makes for a stronger college application. The strongest applicants will have taken calculus. At places like MIT and Caltech, youll be at a significant disadvantage if you havent taken calculus. This is also true when applying to engineering programs at comprehensive universities like Cornell or the University of California at Berkeley. If youre going into a STEM field  (science, technology, engineering, and math) thats going to require math expertise, colleges want to see that you have both the college preparation and the aptitude to succeed in higher-level mathematics. When students enter  an engineering program with weak math skills or poor preparation, they face an uphill battle to make it to graduation. My High School Doesnt Offer Calculus Options for classes in math vary widely from high school to high school. Many smaller, rural schools simply dont have calculus as an option, and the same is true even for large schools in some regions. If you find that youre in a situation where calculus simply isnt an option, dont panic. Colleges receive information on the course offerings at your school, and they will be looking to see that you have taken the most challenging courses available to you. If your school offers AP calculus and you choose a remedial course on the mathematics of money instead, you clearly arent challenging yourself. This will be a strike against you in the admissions process. On the flip side, if a second year of algebra is the highest level math offered at your school and you complete the course successfully, colleges shouldnt penalize you. That said, students interest in STEM fields (as well as fields such as business and architecture) will be strongest when they have taken calculus. Calculus may be an option, even if your high school doesnt offer it. Talk to your guidance counselor about your options, which may include: Taking calculus at a local college. You may even find that some community colleges and state universities offer evening or weekend courses that wont conflict with your high school classes. Your high school is likely to give you credit towards graduation for college calculus, and youll also have college credits that are likely to transfer.Taking AP calculus online. Here again, talk with your guidance counselor about options. You may find courses through your state university system, a private university, or even a for-profit educational company. Be sure to read reviews, as online courses can range from excellent to terrible, and its not worth your time and money to take a course that isnt likely to lead to success on the AP exam. Also, keep in mind that online courses require lots of discipline and self-motivation.  Self-study for the AP calculus exam. If youre a motivated student with a  strong aptitude for math, its possible to self-study for the AP exam. Taking an AP course isn t a requirement for taking an AP exam, and colleges will be impressed if you earn a 4 or 5 on the AP exam after self-study. Do Colleges Like Advanced Math Topics? Success on an AP calculus course is one of the best ways to demonstrate your college readiness in mathematics. There are, however, two AP calculus courses: AB and BC. According to the College Board, the AB course is equivalent to the first year of college calculus, and the BC course is equivalent to the first two semesters. The BC course introduces topics of sequences and series, in addition to the general coverage of integral and differential calculus found on the AB exam. For most colleges, the admissions folks will be happy with the very fact that youve studied calculus. While the BC course is more impressive, you wont be hurting yourself with AB calculus. Note that far more college applicants take AB, rather than BC, calculus. At schools with strong engineering programs, however, you may find that BC calculus is strongly preferred and that you wont earn calculus placement credit for the AB exam. This is because,  at a school like MIT, the content of the BC exam is covered in a single semester. The second semester of calculus is multi-variable calculus, something not covered in the AP curriculum. The AB exam, in other words, covers a half-semester of college calculus  and isnt sufficient for placement credit. Taking AP Calculus AB is still a big plus in the application process, but you wont always earn course credit for a high score on the exam. What Does This All Mean? Very few colleges have a definite requirement regarding calculus or four years of math. A college doesnt want to be in a position where it has to reject an otherwise well-qualified applicant due to a lack of calculus classwork. That said, take the strongly recommended guidelines seriously. For most colleges, your high school record is the single most important component of your application. It should show that youve taken the most challenging courses possible, and your success in upper-level math courses is a great indicator that you can succeed in college. A 4 or 5 on one of the AP calculus exams is about the best evidence you can provide of your math readiness, but most students dont have that score available at the time applications are due. The table below sums up the math recommendations for a range of colleges and universities. College Math Requirement Auburn 3 years required: Algebra I and II, and either geometry, trig, calc, or analysis Carleton Minimum 2 years algebra, one year geometry, 3 or more years math recommended Centre College 4 years recommended Harvard Be well-versed in algebra, functions, and graphing, calculus good but not required Johns Hopkins 4 years recommended MIT Math through calculus recommended NYU 3 years recommended Pomona 4 years expected, calculus highly recommended Smith College 3 years recommended UT Austin 3 years required, 4 years recommended

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Case - Essay Example Any decision in the company affects the decision taken by EPA later, Jonica and other executives, besides the company itself, are stakeholders. A dip in the profitability of the company will affect the perception other stakeholders regarding the management’s ability to make decisions that may lead to profitability, or which may prefer pollution of the lake. Any decision they make will affect the management of the company. There are different moral considerations in the above issue; the first ethical consideration involves an ethical dilemma. Though Jonica and the administration have an obligation to ensure the profitability of the company, it would be ethical to make a decision for the good of the environment, despite the cost to the company. Ethically, it would be preferable for the company to suffer a loss that year, but be recognized for its strong ethical CSR. On the overhand, although EPA has not made a declaration of the steps necessary to reduce the emissions, Jonica and the management have an ethical duty to act for the good of the environment based on the scientific conclusions given. Acting to reduce these emissions based on the scientific study provided even before EPA steps in to intervene will increase the ethical standing of the company among its stakeholder. Therefore, acting on the contrary to attain profitability would be a moral lapse on the part of the management. Foregoing, profit s and implementing the technology to reduce emissions would be a tough tradeoff, which will result in a right-right situation, unlike ignoring the scientific findings, which is a moral lapse. The company would stand to gain from such strong moral values as it would gain favor from customers in the market In resolving the situation, Janica and the management did not have an option, as the technology would be forced through, when EPA backed by the public get the scientific findings. To be the on the safe side, Janica and the

General Question about Human Resource Managment & Organizational Coursework - 1

General Question about Human Resource Managment & Organizational Behavior - Coursework Example Organizational and team environment contributes to effectiveness of a team. The effectiveness of the team can be gauged through three measures. First is its ability to achieve the desired objective, second is the personal satisfaction and well being of its members and third is the ability to survive over a period of time which is dependent on the commitment of the people and the benevolent environment to operate. The model for team effectiveness organizes the factors that are responsible for team effectiveness into three categories. The three categories are organizational and team environment, team design and team process. Organizational and team environment in turn is determined by the following factors namely reward system, communication system, physical space, organizational environment, organizational structure and leadership. The organizations ability to secure desired resources determines the external environment of the organization. Organizational structure should support team s through delegation of responsibility and authority. Physical space and communication system should be conducive for free flow of information and feedback as well as positive perception of employee. Ongoing support of the team leader along with the reinforcement of good performance through reward system further enhances team’s effectiveness (McShane, 2007).the successful teams require the right type of environment as identified by the model. Rewards can only have positive impact on effectiveness of team if they are sufficient and contingent on team performance. Rewards either financial or psychic, such as recognition, accomplishment and potential for growth, both have a positive impact on team performance. The main purpose of the reward system for the team is to encourage and reinforce behaviors that lead to long term success, growth and sustainability of the

Sustainable and Intelligent Buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable and Intelligent Buildings - Essay Example Prevailing climate is hot and tropical with average temperature of 22Â °C and average humidity of 78%. There is also considerable wind exposure due to its location. From December to March, trade winds can reach average speeds of 20 km/h with peaks as high as 74 km/h. During the rest of the year, winds has an average speed of 10 km/h. Annual rainfall on the site is 1.9 m falling mostly during the rainy season of May to December. Hurricanes are not common but are damaging when they do pass by the country. Holcim wanted to create an office building in Costa Rica which highlighted their commitment to green buildings and sustainable construction. The design would have to comply with the five principles of sustainable construction set forth by the foundation. These are as follows: Ecological quality and conservation – common building projects are not only wasteful during construction but also in its entire service. Sustainable buildings should be made of durable and energy efficient materials and system thru the use of environmental energy. Economic performance and compatibility – building projects pose a significant investment. Sustainable buildings are those that realize savings in its long term performance thru the use of free natural energy. These five core principles form Holcim’s sustainable building objectives and formed the basis for the design concept of its office in Costa Rica. There were many ideas offered by architectural firms but the one that stood out was the proposal made by the firm of Bruno Stagno. The architect had in mind the idea of ‘passive building, active people’. Stagno argued that people usually relied on building systems such as mechanical air conditioning systems for making the indoor environment more comfortable hence making them passive. The Lead Architect wanted an office wherein people are actively engaged in control of

Procurement And Contract Advice For Clients Construction Essay

Procurement And Contract Advice For Clients Construction Essay This section of the report outlines both traditional and design and build forms of procurement to aid clients in understanding and selecting the appropriate method. Traditional Procurement: The most well known and widely accepted form of procurement in the construction industry. Traditional procurement caters for all types of client from individuals constructing a project for the first time too large complex projects where the function of the building is paramount. Traditional Organisation Client / Employer Contractor Subcontractors Employers Agent Quantity Surveyor Architect Civil / Structural Engineer Other Designers Contractual LinkThe traditional organisation diagram highlights how contractual links are formed within traditional procurement. As the client you are contractually bound to the design team. This is important and should be considered seriously as the contractor is at no direct contractual link to the architect. The primary procurement method in traditional procurement is the two stages tender. Initially the client must produce a brief which outlines what your requirements. This must include relevant figures such as budget and time constraints. Now a team of consultants needs to be appointed, this will comprise primarily of an architect who will guide you through the design and construction processes. Other members will need to be appointed based on the scope of the project. These include a quantity, structural engineer and a clients representative on larger projects. (Stage one) Design and tender documents can now be produced. A select number of contractors will be invited to tender on the partially completed tender documents. This will include a build up of the price of the project via a document called the bill of quantities. (Stage Two) A contractor is now selected based upon the price and having the relevant resources required to complete the project. The contractor now has involvement with the design team to negotiate a finalised price for completing the construction works. Also he can have involvement in finalising the design. This form of procurement is considered low risk as the risks to overspending, delays and failures in the design are reduced. This can only be achieved however, if the design has been thoroughly produced by the architect and completion date targets specified are unreasonable. Design and Build procurement: This procurement method differs from traditional procurement as the contractor is largely responsible for the design work. This relieves some of the contractual pressure on the client. With the contractor being involved in the project from the design stage it allows their expertise to be incorporated into the design phases. One of the largest advantages to design and build is the reduced time scale that projects can run to. Design information can be still being produced while construction work commences. This doesnt come without its risks however. Client / Employer Contractor Subcontractors Employers Agent Quantity Surveyor Architect Civil / Structural Engineer Other Designers Design and Build Organisation Tendering for design and build projects is more costly than traditional projects therefore the number of contractors tendering is reduced. This is due to the time and resources it takes for a contractor to produce the relevant design and pricing information. Cash flow within a design and build project can be more substantial in the beginning than traditional as the contractor requires money for the design as well as construction. This is also due to larger risk being imposed on the event of an issue in the design being raised by the client as the contractor is the first point of contact. This will then cover the costs of having to transfer this information. This is not required in traditional forms of procurement as the client is in direct contact with the architect. Types of Contract (The information for types of contract has been cited from deciding on the appropriate JCT contract 2008 available from the CIS published by Sweet Maxwell limited) Traditional: Lump sum contracts The agreed sum of construction is agreed based on a design and specification. A bill of quantities is produced for the contractors to price the works. Measurement contracts The end price of the construction works is not agreed until the end of the construction project. Cost reimbursement contracts Price of labour, plant and materials is calculated at the end of the project. Overheads and profit is then added onto this. Design and Build: Package deal or turnkey contract A package is selected usually from a set standard of specification from a contractor. Design and Build contracts This form of contract will cover the contractors obligations to the design and build of the project. JCT Standard building contract with quantities: This form of contract is suitable for the traditional procurement method. The client must appoint an architect, contract administrator and quantity surveyor to administer the work. Contractors will tender the works based on the drawings and a set of bill of quantities. Design and build contract: Standard form of contract for design and build works. Contractor is principally responsible for the design and construction of the project. Partnering: JCT contract also provides an outline for setting up a partnering agreement between select members of a construction project. Everyone throughout the supply chain is bound to the agreement to work collaboratively and to have everyone best interests in mind. This should be considered as a form of contract that Hotels R Us should look into in the future when they have sufficient experience in the industry. ICE This form of contract is suitable for civil engineering works such as bridges, roads and dams. The project will be designed by a team of engineers and qualified contractors will tender for the work. The engineer is the principal administrator acting on behalf of the client. NEC 3 compensation and event clauses The NEC 3 contract was derived from Ice form of contract. The principle goals of the NEC contract are to provide a contract that is flexible, simple and clear to understand. There are many different types of NEC contract which cover traditional and design and build types of procurement. This section is going to cover early warning procedures, compensation and event clauses. Early warning clauses can be found in section 16 of the NEC contract. These are basically a set of rules that the project manager and contractor must adhere to when they are aware of a cost or time issue on the project. It is there duty under contract to notify one and other and request an Early warning meeting which relevant members should be invited such as the client, architect or quantity surveyor. During these meeting the issue will be discussed and the relevant actions that need to be taken should be appointed. The advantages to this system of traditional methods of the contractor submitting a formal notice is that issues can be resolved in the most economically viable method, this offers clients more safety in terms of cash flow. Compensation events are covered in section 60 of the contract. These are claims made by the contractor requesting either more time or money for the project. The project manager can also notify the contractor if he is aware of such an issue. NEC3 outlines the methodology behind compensation events, the contract has eight weeks to notify being aware of a compensation event and must make a claim within this period. As a client entering into the construction industry for the first time it is often difficult to understand how and why construction projects can run over budget and cost more money. The compensation events detailed in the NEC3 contract try to justify how such events can occur.

schwarzenegger and fiscal policy Essay -- essays research papers

California’s Republican governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, outlined a budget proposal January 9 that constitutes a massive assault on health, education and other social service programs upon which millions of people in the state rely. The $99 billion budget is aimed at eliminating a $14.3 billion gap between expected tax revenues and expenditures. It will include $4.6 billion in cuts, $1 billion in fund shifts from gasoline taxes (by postponing road construction projects) and an additional $2 billion reduction in education spending. In addition, the budget mandates a $729 million cut from higher education and a $165 million reduction from child-care programs for school goers. The budget also forces state employees to pay an additional five percent of their wages into their pensions, to pay off state borrowing. Nearly one-tenth of the state budget gap will be shifted to local governments, as $1.3 billion in property taxes due to cities and counties will be siphoned off to the state. There will also be a severe reduction in health and welfare services, in a state where six million residents have no health insurance and 60 hospitals have shut over the last decade. Administration officials admit that more than 110,000 poor Californians will lose health insurance due to the cuts, which include $880 million from Medi-Cal and $10 million from public health services. The state’s welfare program for mothers with dependent children—Cal-Works—will lose $790 million, while $126 million will be slashed from in-home services, $134 million from Supplemental Income payments and an additional $800 million from other health services. It is hard to exaggerate the human impact of the proposed budget. Counties, already strapped for cash, will be forced to lay off thousands of employees. The budget will reduce public assistance benefits for 481,000 poor families, including childcare services, while stiffening work requirements. Enrollment for the state universities will be capped and those that enter will face increasing costs and fewer and smaller grants. Health services for the young and poor will be capped. Programs will be curtailed at youth correctional facilities. Under conditions in which 1.13 million people are unemployed in the state and a record number of families have been dropped from employer-provided health insurance, cities and counties will be forced to engage in y... ... to stave off even greater cuts. Several other unions are also negotiating concessions with the governor. During last summer’s recall campaign Schwarzenegger concealed from the public the type of measures he would take if he reached the governor’s mansion. Instead he promised to eliminate the deficit by auditing the government and finding waste. While giving no specifics about his program he suggested he would not cut education or basic services for the poor. The news media also concealed this reality and gave its full support to the recall election and Schwarzenegger’s candidacy, which it generally hailed. The Socialist Equality Party opposed the recall campaign as an attempt by the Republican Party to subvert democratic processes and impose a right-wing agenda rejected by the voters less than a year before. The SEP ran its own candidate in the recall campaign, John Christopher Burton, to present a socialist alternative for working people. The SEP campaign warned that whether Davis or Schwarzenegger prevailed, the working class would face drastic attacks on jobs, living standards and public services. This warning is now being confirmed in the actions of both big business parties.